Arnold Toynbee

The concept of ‘the West’ seems to mean anything you like

20 September 2025 9:00 am

First formulated by Auguste Comte in the 19th century, its later proponents would even embrace Japan while questioning the inclusion of belligerent Germany

Guilt and gingerbread

27 May 2023 9:00 am

Though many of her distinguished forebears campaigned vigorously against privilege and conservative elitism, they were still too posh for Toynbee’s comfort